ECONOMYHttp//suriname.org Essays - , Term Papers

ECONOMYhttp://suriname.org Millions of plants. All kinds of valuable deposits. Suriname covers more than 63,064 square miles, making it roughly the same size as Uruguay, slightly larger that Florida and Georgia combined, and about half as big as Poland. Natural resources include bauxite, gold, iron ore, nickel, copper, platinum, timber, hydro-power potential, fish, shrimp, and a vast, largely unexplored rain forest filled with ecotourism attractions. Wildlife includes tapir, deer, jaguar and puma preserved in several nature reserves. One of the smallest countries in South America, Suriname has many rivers and some mountains, with its largely uncultivated rain forest, rich in tropical trees and exotic plants, covering more than 80% of its land mass. The nation's topography is part of the geographical formation known as the Guyana Shield, a mineral-dense layer of the earth's crust estimated to be two billion years old, and a contributing factor to gold being discovered in Suriname in the 1880's. Bauxite is big. And getting bigger. Suriname is one of the world's largest producers of bauxite, all of which is processed locally into alumina andaluminum, but most is exported to the United States and The Netherlands. Bauxite accounts for more than half of the total value of all exports. From US $1300/ton in October, 1996, aluminum prices had risen to US $1600/ton by the end of April 97, and the trend is upwards. Other industries with the potential to shine in Suriname. Other mineral deposits include iron ore, manganese, nickel, platinum anduranium. Diamonds are collected from the riverbeds by private operators.Offshore deposits of petroleum and petroleum bearing sands were discovered in 1900, and crude oil production is promising. Staatsolie, the state oil company reported that output increased 6.7% in 1996, and is expected to increase almost 18% in 1997. Equipment used in mining operations is primarily U.S. And it is expected that Suriname's proposed new mineral law will lower royalties, corporate taxes and guarantee stability during exploration and development of mineral resources. The coastal region in the north of Western Suriname is the region where the country chief agricultural products are cultivated. These include rice, bananas, sugarcane, coconuts, oranges, pineapples and palm oil. Long Term Development Financing State of the Art Domestic and Offshore Banking Laws Free Trade Zones Modern Labor Code Aggressive Fiscal Incentives GOVERNMENT http://www.polisci.com/world.htm http://www.surinam.net/links.html#pg http://members.xoom.com/TheSites/ President Jules WIJDENBOSCH PRETAAPNARIAN RADHAKISHUN 1996- The red band symbolizes progress and the fight for a better life. The white band stands for freedom and justice. The green band symbolizes the fertility of the Surinamese soil and the yellow star the promising future of Suriname. The coat of arms of Suriname consists of two Indians holding a shield. Below the Indians and the shield you find the motto `Justitia Pietas Fides' which means `Justice Faith Loyalty'. The sailing boat at the left part of the shield symbolizes the history of Suriname when slaves were taken to Suriname from Africa. The palm at the right part of the shield stands for the present as well for justice. The diamond in the middle symbolises a hart. The five-point star within the diamond stands for the five continents the inhabitants from Suriname came from. Historyhttp://clef.lcs.mit.edu/~qyz/history.html Suriname was originally part of the coastal area called Guiana. It changed ownership between Holland and Britain many times, but eventually ended up in the hands of the Dutch in 1667 after they signed the treaty of Breda with the British. As a consequence of the treaty, Holland lost possession of their North-American colony (Nieuw Amsterdam), which is now New York City! Like most countries in the region, Suriname was primarily a plantation colony. Many Africans

Anthropology Lab, a scientific project about White Handed Gibbions, (Apes) and explores their grooming habbits.

Anthropology Lab, a scientific project about White Handed Gibbions, (Apes) and explores their grooming habbits. Anthropology LabMay 14, 2000IntroductionWhite Handed Gibbons are in the Primate Order of the Hylobatidae Family of the lesser apes, in the Genus Hylobates (which includes all 11 species of gibbons) from the H. lar Species. (Rumbaugh, 1973) H. lar is found in the middle and upper stories of deciduous monsoon and evergreen rain forests of southern Burma, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Sunderland, and North Sumatra. (Rumbaugh, 1974) Gibbons are though to be magnamous although recent studies have documented individuals in the wild who mate with multiple partners. (Fuentes, 2000) This species has a co dominance where both the male and the female are dominant. (Gittins and Raemaekers, 1980) there is little to no sexual dimorphism and males and females are both socially and physically equal. Their family structure in made up of the "pair bonded" couple and their immature offspring. When the offspring reach sexual maturity they are driven out of the group by the parent of the same sex.A moth er white-handed gibbon and her young.Zoo d'A...Although Gibbons are very territorial aggression and violence is very rare among H. lar. Their diets consist mainly of fruit (75%) and also include leaves, flowers, birds, and insects. (Richard, 1985) Although Gibbons have been documented to live in captivity p to 45 years wild population have a greatly reduced lifespan. (Rumbaugh, 1973) In this study I will attempt to show that captive White Handed Gibbons are more often groomed by other individuals rather than by themselves. This study will support the widely accepted notion that social grooming is used to reinforce the bonds between individuals (Ellefson, 1974) and is not for practiced for hygiene purposes. I observed two captive H. lar for this study: one male, one female. Both Gibbons where similar in body size: weighing about 15 pounds and roughly 3 feet tall. They each...

Applying Standardized terminologies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applying Standardized terminologies - Coursework Example This essay describes a scenario of bedside patient care of a man with malaria to help evaluate the essentials of standardized terminologies and the related NANDA, NIC and NOC (Nolan 2004). Johnson, Maas & Moorhead (2000) outlines that; Nanda classifies Malaria as an infectious disease with intermittent fever, instigated by the parasite Plasmodium and spread by mosquito kind Anopheles in many subtropical and tropical regions. Because of its common nature, there are a plethora of records, data and information about its diagnosis and care. Subsequently, American Nurses Association (2006a) argues that there are certain terminologies standardized to malaria, according to the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) that nurses must master. In addition, there are also Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) records and in Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) with certain standardized language (Cavendish 2001) for malaria. According to Johnson et al. (2000), NANDA identifies malaria as infectious with symptoms of high fever, chills, muscle aches, tiredness and headaches. According to NANDA, malaria infections are common in tropical and sub-tropical areas and severe with children and pregnant women but also very severe with all other individual children and adults alike (Nolan 2004). NANDA outlines that the diagnosis for malaria includes nausea due to imbalance in food intake, risk for infection due to weak immune system for attacked patients and hyperthermia related to increased dehydration and metabolism. Related Factors include threat of death; threat to self-concept; threat to or alteration in health status, environment, contact patterns; interpersonal transmission of contagion and unmet needs The suggested NOC outcome-labels to these malarial situations include anxiety, stress, nausea, impulse control and aggression control. Client outcome according to NOC includes identifies and verbalizes symptoms of distress, Identifies, communicates in verbal

3600 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3600 - Essay Example Therefore, the evolution of the word clearly indicates that this branch of anthropological study actually deals with procedure pertaining to qualitative research methodology, precisely in anthropological studies or in social sciences and implies to the gathering of empirical data pertaining to human culture and science. The ethnography therefore focuses on the myriad aspects pertaining to socio-cultural milieu of a particular tribe or people residing in some of the particular geographical terrains. The ethnography by Daniel Neuman is about the music in the northern part of India known as â€Å"Hindustani Music† in the local language by the canon of musicians related with it. Music is a primitive language for communication in human civilisation. Various socio-cultural and historical perspectives of the people residing in a particular geographical area evolve through music or folklore and folk culture of that area. Likewise, â€Å"Hindustani Music† bears the typical cultural essence of North India and is an incarnation of the rich heritage and culture of the area with its myriad blend and influences. The ethnography, â€Å"The Life of Music in North India† is a journey through the history witnessing the origin and the development of ‘Hindustani Music’ and the way it nurtured in the hands of the magician musicians through ages. The ethnography is very strong as it bears the testimony and experience of these musicians who dedicated their life and passed on their legacy to the future generations even for the cause of the particular music and its development. The research content of the ethnography is based primarily on the field work which can be treated as the primary research too. The first-hand survey done by Neuman during the year 1969 to 1971 in Delhi forms the base of the ethnography. Neuman interviewed musicians during this time and he made a trip to the northern part of India, precisely the cities those are situated

Medieval Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Medieval Philosophy - Essay Example Aquinas further says that â€Å"for what which can one day cease to exist must at some time have not existed† (Bowie, 59). For all creatures that do exist, there must have been some time when they were not in life, a time when the first butterfly, for instance, came into existence. Aquinas proposes that butterflies weren’t always fluttering about, but rather that a first butterfly was created from which all following butterflies were procreated. Consequently, the bigger question turning to be what caused the creation of the first butterfly? Aquinas said: â€Å"If everything could cease to exist, then at one time there could have been nothing in existence† (Bowie, 59). This indicates that since all things in nature can cease to exist, or to never begin to exist, then at one time there would have been nothing in existence, since that the first thing came into life and procreated all successors. To this, Aquinas states that â€Å"if this were true, even now there would be nothing in existence, because that which does not exist only begins to exist by something already existing† (Bowie, 59). Thus, this indicates that if there was nothing in being, then there would be nothing in existence now, but we know this is not correct due to the immense amount of unique animals and plants on Earth, not to mention the immensity of space and surrounding galaxies. (Gilson, 1956) Anything in motion, according to Aquinas, is moved by something else. He then describes one type of motion as the diminution of something from potentiality to realism, and states that nothing can make this movement apart from a thing that is already in realism in the same esteem as the first object is in potentiality. For instance, something which is in fact hot, like flames, makes something which is potentially hot, like wood, to be really hot. (Weisheipl, 1974) Clearly stated, it is obvious to realize that those beings that can’t owe their existence

Designing A Creep Testing Machine Engineering Essay

Designing A Creep Testing Machine Engineering Essay A Creep Testing Machine is one that accurately measures the creep of a material under constant load and at elevated temperatures until final rupture. Basically, it demonstrates the effect of Temperature on Creep. Creep is defined as the time dependant deformation of a material under constant load at constant elevated temperature. The resulting strain is a function of applied stress, temperature and time. Creep is increasingly important in industry in many different applications ranging from turbine rotors, high pressure steam tubes, suspended cables, tightened bolts where materials are subjected to extremely high temperatures and stresses which may cause them to change size, shape and lead to rupture. So the main objective of a creep test is to measure how a given material will perform under constant loads and elevated temperatures to make sure they are ready for use in industry under such conditions. In a creep test, a tensile specimen is subjected to a constant load inside a furnace set to a specified temperature maintained at a constant high temperature. The material will go through 3 phases of creep; primary, secondary (steady state, lengthiest stage) and tertiary until it ruptures. The test may run on for days until eventually the specimen fails and the creep properties are recorded. http://spaceflight.esa.int/impress/text/education/Images/MechanicalProperties/image075.png Applications in industry Creep testing is increasingly important in large areas of industry. There are three types of high temperature industry applications. Displacement limited applications: where precise dimensions must be maintained, examples of which are in turbine rotors/aircraft turbine blades. Rupture limited applications: where fracture must be avoided, such as in steam tubes. Stress-relaxation limited applications: where initial tension relaxes with time such as in suspended cables and tightened bolts. Aims and Objectives: To fully design a Creep Testing Machine within a hard budget in the given time frame by the end of the semester in week 13. The reason behind the project is to provide AUT Engineering School with its first working Creep Machine. It will provide an opportunity for materials to be tested for Creep under extremely high temperatures for research or educational purposes after the project is completed. The very high temperatures will allow for testing stronger more complex materials such as alloys with higher melting points. A fully detailed, clear and FEA tested 3D CAD drawing will be produced, effectively demonstrating the complete final design of the Creep Testing Machine in all of its dimensions and absolute properties. Deliverables: The machine will be designed to be cheap, practical, robust, reliable, easy to use, relatively lightweight, safe (to the touch), long lasting and professional looking. The project meets the academic requirements of my qualification as it will require a great deal of knowledge I have obtained from papers such as: material science, manufacturing technology, CAD/solidworks engineering design, quantitative techniques, thermodynamics, solid mechanics and heat transfer papers. Potential Industry organisations involved: Steel suppliers high temperature material suppliers high temperature measuring/control device distributers electronic and electrical control distributers insulation material suppliers Resources (likely required): Solidworks/CAD design programs, matlab/computer programming programs, Microsoft excel, electrical/electronic equipment. Workshop machines: milling, lathe, drilling, soldering, welding machines and more. Project Plan Plan/chart will be subject to refinement throughout the duration of the project. Project Information This project is supposed to be carried on through until the end of the 4th year industrial project. From now until the end of the semester we will be designing the Creep Testing Machine completely, putting the designs through numerous tests and immense scrutiny until it is certain that the design will be achievable and the project a total success. Our supervisor, Tim, informed us with the estimated budget for this project of around $5,000NZ. This is a hard budget and we are not to exceed it under any circumstances. Therefore an important goal of this project is to stay under budget (by a decent sized margin if possible) and design a relatively cheap Creep Testing Machine that can be delivered realistically for the 4th year industrial project (where the machine should be produced). The Creep machine consists of several main components that fit into three categories; Heat, mechanics and control. The components are as follows: Frame, Furnace, Control, Electronics + Data acquisition, Strain measurement device (extra), Emergency shut off, Temperature measurement device, Grip system, Timer, On/Off switch and Loading mechanism. The furnace should be designed to reach exceedingly high temperatures of up to 800C so that it may be suitable for creep testing on a wide range of specimen materials (high T alloys etc) for research and educational purposes at the AUT Engineering department. During our first group meeting after the first formal meeting with our supervisor, we (the project team) assigned several components to each of us to carry out detailed research and gather our findings before the next meeting with Tim. The larger, more complex components namely the furnace and loading mechanism were both shared between me and Ramez, Steven and John-Paul respectively. The full details are illustrated in my logbook. Literature review So the components assigned to me for research were the Furnace, strain measuring device and the frame. I began dissecting the furnace into its individual components and features. A standard muffle furnace consists of insulation, the body, heating element, temperature measurement/controller and door with locking mechanism, compartments for other components (load train, measuring apparatus), mounting kit and air vents. After I completed some general research I developed a good and original idea of what our Creep testing machine will consist of: Furnace insulation will either consist of two different materials namely refractory firebrick and refractory ceramic fibre blanket or solely just ceramic fibre blanket/wool. These are highly heat resistance materials (one that has especially low thermal conductivity value k). Fire brick; would be the first line of insulation and the main barrier to heat loss from the furnace chamber with a k value of ~ 0.21 (@800C). Ceramic fibre; would be the surrounding/main layer of insulation and will be put around the fire brick and on the inner door surface. It has a k value of ~ 0.22 (@800C). There are several types of suitable fibre and one will be chosen based on its cost and thermal properties. The reason that firebrick is being considered as a layer of insulation is because of the ease of fitting it with heating elements. However they are more bulky and considerably heavier than ceramic blankets. The insulation choices will be theoretically tested for suitability using standard thermal resistance equations: Qtransfer = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T/Rth Rth = (1/hiA)+(L/kA)+ (1/hoA) Where; L is the minimum thickness of insulation, k is its thermal conductivity, h is the convection heat transfer coefficient and Rth is the total heat resistance. Choice and list of possible heating elements + why chosen. Take into accnt start up hting time The minimum insulation thickness required is found as follows; Properties: Power in: 1.6kW heating element à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T = TMAX TAMB Insulation, Ceramic fibre: k = 0.22W/m2K hi = 10W/mK, ho = 40W/mK Rth = (1/hiA)+(L/kA)+ (1/hoA) Rth = (1/10*0.35*0.15)+(L/0.22*0.35*0.15)+ (1/40*0.35*0.15) L = 21.87mm L Specimen HC H WC WW Body Chamber Initial Dimensions: Specimen ASTM: Round dog bone: Length, L = 127mm Flat dog bone: Length, L = 101mm Gripping mechanism: Length, L ~ 40mm Only round dog bone specimens will tested ASTM creep/fatigue specimens. Full dimensions below: ((+ gripping mechanism size)) The bottom pull rod will be fixed in place but the top pull rod will be adjustable such that the specimen can be placed into the gripping mechanisms. Therefore this will be considered when estimating the height of the furnace and its chamber. Preferably, the chamber should be small in size such that it can be heated up quicker and use up less energy thereby increasing the efficiency of the furnace. Therefore, Chamber width, WC = 150mm Chamber Length, LC = 150mm Chamber Height, HC = 350mm As the minimum insulation thickness ranges from 21 to27mm (depending on the heating elements power rating) therefore, it will be necessary to have two layers of 25mm thick insulation around the chamber. So the outer body dimensions will be about: Width, W = 250mm Length, L = 200mm Height, H = 450mm The main body will almost certainly be made from mild steel due to its relatively low cost and robust, tough nature. The heating element will have to be either kanthal A1 or Nichrome most probably in wire form so that it may be easily routed into specially made grooves in the firebrick. With temperature ranges up to 1800C and relatively low cost kanthal A1 may be more suitable in this case. The time for the furnace to reach its required temperature will also be taken into account and the choice of heating element (power rating, shape and material) will be based on the time it takes to heat the chamber to a stable working temperature and the thickness of insulation required to work at such energy inputs. Also whether or not the heating element can be fitted into the insulation material will be a factor. Temperature measurement and control device will most probably be a standard high temperature thermocouple. There are many different types, shapes and sizes but most are relatively cheap and affordable regarding the project budget. The thermocouple will give the give the reading and control the temperature in the chamber (keeping it at a constant working temperature) by clicking the relay on and off when necessary. The furnace body will have to be made from a hard, tough and relatively thick material. This is why I think that mild steel sheets should be purchased and formed to the desired shape. Processes such as bending and cutting can be undertaken at the mechanical engineering workshop at AUT. Mild steel plates/sheets prices per quantity + list of possible materials, choose most suitable. An idea that I have deemed suitable for the furnace is that a simple solid, robust steel filing cabinet could be converted into a furnace body. Simple tools and workshop resources available at AUT can be used to machine the necessary features to make it work as a muffle furnace. This could potentially save a great deal of investment that could be used in other areas where it is needed more (concerning the project). The strain measuring device will have to be one that works efficiently under the high temperatures experienced with muffle furnaces. I have narrowed it down to either a high temperature extensometer or an LVDT. The most suitable device is the high temperature extensometer as they are specifically suited to such elevated temperatures and give an extremely accurate strain/displacement measurement beyond ASTM standards. They can also be attached easily to standard creep testing furnaces. However, a strain measuring device is an optional extra as the specimen displacement can be accurately measured after the specimen ruptures and simple calculations can be used to determine the strain experienced. A strain measuring device would be for convenience purposes only. List of strain measuring devices, filter to high temp use devices, then the only suitable model + prices and deem if actually suitable. Speak with Wassim. Extensometer or LVDT. Resources Introduction to Engineering Design, Andrew Samuel and John Weir Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Serope Kalpakjian Heat and Mass Transfer a practical approach, Yunus A Cengel Thermodynamics an Engineering approach, Cengel and Boles Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction, William D Callister Jr http://www.atspa.com/3110_r2.pdf http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1516-14392005000400008 http://www.mts.com/ucm/groups/public/documents/library/dev_003704.pdf http://www.zwick.de/en/products/static-materials-testing-machines/creep-test-machines.html http://www.epsilontech.com/3448.htm http://www.ariindustries.com/thermocouples/high_temperature_thermocouples.php3

Monroe doctrine Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Monroe Doctrine was presented by President James Monroe in his annual address to Congress in 1823. Essentially its author, John Quincy Adams, who served as Monroe’s Secretary of State, wrote the Doctrine as a proclamation to the United States’ opposition of European colonialism. As of today the Doctrine has been re-interpreted and extended in a variety of ways to conform to the situation at hand, such as President Theodore Roosevelt’s Corollary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 began the break up of the Spanish empires in the New World. From this point, many leaders guided their countries out of colonialism and led them into independence. These newly formed republics requested and expected diplomatic recognition from the United States and many Americans were in favor of the recognitions. Although, as previously identified, the United States had been warned that if it acknowledged the independence of these nations it would be seen as hostile actions towards Europe and both Monroe and Adams were unsure of going to war over countries that could not guarantee survival. Monroe and Adams were prepared to stay neutral as long as the other European powers did not interfere and let Spain and its colonies fight out their differences. The United States was in the process of obtaining East Florida from Spain after gaining West Florida in the Louisiana Purchase which the Spanish Minister Onis agreed to as long a s the United States promised not to assist the revolutionaries nor recognize their independence. Once the Transcontinental Treaty was ratified, Monroe began to extend recognition to the new Latin American republics stretched out over a few years so not to gain a European response.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1823, there was talk of Spain and France joining together for attacks on the new republics with the backing of Russia, Prussia, and Austria; fear of France becoming a power once again in the Americas encouraged the British to propose that the United States and Britain join together to warn off the two. Although Jefferson and Madison were in support of the offer, Adams was suspicious. In a cabinet meeting, Adams argued that it would be undignified to address Russia and France explicitly and fight in the shadows of the British, which won over the cabinet and Monroe delivered the Adams ... ...of the new Dominican Republic regime which owed over twenty million. When Roosevelt initially intervened, he took control over the country’s customs and receivership. Through this seizure, he distributed 45% of their revenues to their foreign creditors, although this occupation lasted for more than three decades. After this intervention the U.S. extended its power throughout the Caribbean when an opportunity arose. In 1930, a memorandum was issued stating that the United States did not have the power to intervene in the less able countries, unless European powers were threatening, which reversed the Corollary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Monroe Doctrine was first introduced it seemed just as a warning to Europe not to interfere with the revolutions of Latin America, almost a gesture of solidarity and sympathy to the newly independent nations, but it was evident of American selfishness. Monroe and Adams carefully exempted the United States through careful wording when addressing the influence in the Western Hemisphere. The Doctrine was a valid basis for U.S. policy towards Latin America and became a fence to block out European expansion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Education and obesity Essay

Although many have studied the association between educational attainment and obesity, studies to date have not fully examined prior common causes and possible interactions by race/ethnicity or gender. It is also not clear if the relationship between actual educational attainment and obesity is independent of the role of aspired educational attainment or expected educational attainment. The authors use generalized linear log link models to examine the association between educational attainment at age 25 and obesity (BMI ≠¥ 30) at age 40 in the USA’s National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, adjusting for demographics, confounders, and mediators. Race/ethnicity but not gender interacted with educational attainment. In a complete case analysis, after adjusting for socioeconomic covariates from childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, among whites only, college graduates were less likely than high school graduates to be obese (RR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.57, 0.83). The risk ratio remained similar in two sensitivity analyses when the authors adjusted for educational aspirations and educational expectations and analyzed a multiply imputed dataset to address missingness. This more nuanced understanding of the role of education after controlling for a thorough set of confounders and mediators helps advance the study of social determinants of health and risk factors for obesity. Nutrition in pregnancy and early childhood and associations with obesity in developing countries. Concerns about the increasing rates of obesity in developing countries have led many policy makers to question the impacts of maternal and early child nutrition on risk of later obesity. The purposes of the review are to summarise the studies on the associations between nutrition during pregnancy and infant feeding practices with later obesity from childhood through adulthood and to identify potential ways for preventing obesity in developing countries. As few studies were ident ified in developing countries, key studies in developed countries were included in the review. Poor prenatal dietary intakes of energy, protein and micronutrients were shown to be associated with increased risk of adult obesity in offspring. Female offspring seem to be more vulnerable than male offspring when their mothers receive insufficient energy during pregnancy. By influencing birthweight, optimal prenatal nutrition might reduce the risk of obesity in adults. While normal birthweights (2500-3999 g) were associated with higher body mass index (BMI) as adults, they generally were associated with higher fat-free mass and lower fat mass compared with low birthweights (

Free Essays on Emile Durkheim

EMILE DURKHEIM Functionalism as a Sociological Perspective Functionalism is often referred to as ‘consensus’ theory because it doesn’t address the issue of conflict in society, rather it projects and ideal picture of harmonious social relationships. Historical Background It emerged in Europe in the 19th century as a response to what was perceived as a crisis of social order. This crisis seemed to be the result of two developments: - 1. The emergence of a new industrial society with it’s subsequent loss of community – poor working conditions, increase in crime, growth of housing slums, poverty etc. 2. The French revolution which suggested ideals of equality, happiness and freedom of the individual. 3. These historical conditions which were seen to approximate a crisis of economic and political order thus gave rise to a very conservative type of sociology which reflects a concern with the need for social order and integration. This is necessary if the social and economic crisis was to be overcome and controlled. Main ideas in Functionalism The starting point of all Functionalism is that all societies have certain basic needs - Functional requirements which must be met if a society is to survive. Functionalists are therefore concerned with the contribution the various parts of a society make towards those needs. All Functionalism is concerned with the basic need and desirability for social order and stability to prevail in society. Explaining Social Order In explaining the basis of social order in societies the starting point for Functionalists is to look at whole societies and not the individual; they explore the ways in which the various parts which make up a society function to maintain social order. Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim draws an analogy between the way a biological organism works and society. The various organs of a living thing work together in order to maintain a healthy whole in much the same way that... Free Essays on Emile Durkheim Free Essays on Emile Durkheim EMILE DURKHEIM Functionalism as a Sociological Perspective Functionalism is often referred to as ‘consensus’ theory because it doesn’t address the issue of conflict in society, rather it projects and ideal picture of harmonious social relationships. Historical Background It emerged in Europe in the 19th century as a response to what was perceived as a crisis of social order. This crisis seemed to be the result of two developments: - 1. The emergence of a new industrial society with it’s subsequent loss of community – poor working conditions, increase in crime, growth of housing slums, poverty etc. 2. The French revolution which suggested ideals of equality, happiness and freedom of the individual. 3. These historical conditions which were seen to approximate a crisis of economic and political order thus gave rise to a very conservative type of sociology which reflects a concern with the need for social order and integration. This is necessary if the social and economic crisis was to be overcome and controlled. Main ideas in Functionalism The starting point of all Functionalism is that all societies have certain basic needs - Functional requirements which must be met if a society is to survive. Functionalists are therefore concerned with the contribution the various parts of a society make towards those needs. All Functionalism is concerned with the basic need and desirability for social order and stability to prevail in society. Explaining Social Order In explaining the basis of social order in societies the starting point for Functionalists is to look at whole societies and not the individual; they explore the ways in which the various parts which make up a society function to maintain social order. Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim draws an analogy between the way a biological organism works and society. The various organs of a living thing work together in order to maintain a healthy whole in much the same way that... Free Essays on Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim was born in the eastern French province of Lorraine on April 15, 1858. He was the s on of a rabbi and descending from a long line of rabbis, he decided early that he would follow the family tradition and become a rabbi himself. He studied Hebrew, the Old Testament, and the Talmud, while following the regular course of in secular schools. He soon turned away from all religious involvement, though purposely not from interest in religious phenomena, and became a freethinker, or non-believer. At about the time of his graduation he decided that he would dedicate himself to the scientific study of society. Since sociology was not a subject either at the secondary schools or at the university, Durkheim launched a career as a teacher in philosophy. Emile Durkheim made many contributions to the study of society, suicide, the division of labor, solidarity and religion. Raised in a time of troubles in France, Durkheim spent much of his talent justifying order and commitment to or der. Durkheim was a pioneer French sociologist, taught at Bordeaux (1887-1902) and the University of Paris (1902-17). He introduced the system and hypothetical framework of accurate social science. Durkheim was author of The Division of Labour (1893), Rules of Sociological Method (1895), Suicide (1897), Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1915). Emile Durkheim has often been characterized as the founder of professional sociology. He has a great closeness with the two introductory sociologists, Comte and Saint-Simon. Durkheim willingly noticed the ideas of the Division of Labor and the Biological Analogy. Both ideas which had been differently well developed by Comte and Saint-Simon. Durkheim’s holism approach said that sociology should focus on and study large social operations and cultures. He used functionalism, an approach of studying social and cultural phenomena as a set of interdependent parts, to find out the roles these institutions and processes pl...

Remembering Childhood in the Middle East

Remembering Childhood in the Middle East Free Online Research Papers This is a collection of narratives written by men and women remembering personal experiences growing up in the Middle East. There are 36 contributors from 11 Arab countries (Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon) in addition to Iran, Turkey, and Israel. The book includes a concise historical summary for each period, and a brief biographical sketch of each contributor. Some of the narratives were originally written in Arabic or French and translated into English. The accounts are presented along four overlapping historical periods: The end of the Ottoman Empire (1923), European Colonial Rule and the Rise of Arab Nationalism (1830-1971), New Nations (1951- 1979), and the Post Colonial Middle East (1971- ). The collection was put together and edited by Elizabeth Fernea, a professor of English and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. Fernea allowed her contributorsmen and women; Muslims, Christians and Jews; Arabs and non- Arabsto speak for themselves. One should keep in mind however, that the stories they remember are all reinterpreted through their adult perspectives. The first part of the book, the end of the Ottoman Empire, includes six narrators, three men and three women from different ethnic and religious backgrounds. They are all, however, from families belonging to ruling elites in their societies. All attended school, encouraged by parents who valued education and all ended up receiving graduate degrees from Western universities like Columbia or the American University of Beirut. With these backgrounds, they are part of the minority in their societies. In An Arab Faces the Modern World, Mohamed Fadhel Jamali describes how he was raised in Kadhimain, Iraq. He remembers his youth as growing up in an old traditional society, with its rigid religious practices and superstitious practices on the one hand and its good-hearted, cooperative, and patriarchal kinship on the other (p. 12). Jamalis family belonged to a pious Shiite community where his father held a leading role and his mother, a saintly lady conducted special rituals for the ladies inspiring hope of gaining recovery (12). He also remembers a childhood where most of his actions were directed by fearfear of his father, his uncle who took care of him when his father moved away, or fear of being hit by the Quranic schoolteacher, the Sheikh. The image that emerges from this narrative is one of a sectarian Iraqi society where religious upbringing was paramount and where a strong patriarchal extended family and its members were directly responsible for supporting the children o f the clan. We also get a glimpse of a social organization based in neighborhoods where family houses were linked by passageways to facilitate visits. In the second part of the volume, the Rise of European Colonial Rule and the Rise of Arab Nationalism, Fernea presents eleven narratives written by six women and five men. With the exception of Zbida Shetlan who grew up poor and illiterate in a rural area of Tunisia, all the contributors in this section are distinguished poets and authors who have also been exposed to Western cultural influence. Most come from family backgrounds that must have been the exception rather than the rule, in that they encouraged education and supported the schooling of their sons and daughters during the middle of the twentieth century when literacy was still reserved for the lucky few. All contributors shared the experience of growing up in a period of high instability in the Middle East. The political events and social upheavals in the 1940s and 1950s had a direct impact on their lives. Some recall the exile of Egypt’s King Farouk because of the Free Officers take-over in Egypt, while others remember food rationing during WWII, or having their classes disrupted by student demonstrations in Cairo. Some witnessed protests against the British in Baghdad or the political unrest of the Mossadeq era in Iran. Some recount being stopped by foreign soldiers at checkpoints in Beirut or having to immigrate to Israel for being an Iraqi Jew. While the narrators remember the events, they also note that they were far from realizing their significance for the region. Hoda Naamani in Damascus the Golden states that as a child [she] lived behind a mask (p.74). She felt that in her protected childhood, she was unable to see the beginning of a conflagration that would destroy all the old principles and traditions and establish a new Damascus.† In â€Å"My Education in Half the World, what impressed itself on Mohammed Ghanoonparvars memory was his fathers scheme to provide him with an education alongside the formal school system, that taught him valuable lessons, more so than the education he received in school. His father put him through a series of diverse apprenticeships that taught him the value of work and respect for all trades. Growing up in a historic city in Iran also â€Å"created in [him] a sense of belonging to a city, a country, and a culture, which is the main ingredient of collective and individual id entity (p. 118). The experiences of Zbida Shetlan, recounted in My Story, are unique in the volume, but ironically may be the most representative of what young Arab girls growing up in the twentieth century have experienced. Zbida never went to school and spent her childhood working for her family including uncles and grandparents. She does not say why but does make mention of the fact that she was raised by her grandfather and step-grandmother. She grew up in a callous world filled with burnooses, never ending chores and beatings. Unlike the other memoirs, she does not come from a wealthy family and education is not favorably looked upon. Her only hope is to get married and hope for a better life. The third part of the volume includes nine narratives written by two women and seven men and arranged under the headings: New Nations (19521962); Oil wealth and OPEC (1973- ); Israeli-Palestinian Wars (1967, 1973); Camp David Treaty (1979); Iranian Revolution (1979). The children growing up during this period had a common experience as witnesses to the rise of nationalism, conflicting ideologies, and social transformations in their communities. However, although living through these turbulent times as teenagers, the narrators were not fully aware of the significance of the events happening around thema coup d’à ©tat in Turkey, the war of liberation in Morocco, the discovery of oil in Kuwait, the fall of Mossadeq in Iran, the defeat of 1967 or rural migration in Egypt. Only later as adults reflecting on their childhoods do they discover that those events shaped their world and their own attitudes towards it. Also common are the narrators educational experiences as they mov e from traditional Quranic schools to Western style schools. In addition to these shared themes, the narrators reflect on more personal experiences, such as the tradition in Morocco of the neighbors stealing the boys for circumcision to avoid the parental anxiety that accompanied it; seeing ones friends being grabbed by a crocodile on the banks of the Nile; living as a Palestinian refugee in a UN refugee camp in Lebanon; or being exiled and living under house arrest. The contributors to this section come from various socioeconomic backgrounds, but are not fully representative, since those who contributed had the chance to go beyond basic education. The last part of the book, The Post-Colonial Middle East (1971- ) gives voice to ten narrators, three men and seven women. All but one, Abdelaziz Jadir, received higher degrees from Western universities and many live in the United States. Their present lives have no doubt colored their childhood memories. Shafeeq Ghabra, who wrote My Childhood: Innocence, Politics, and Rebellion is one of the lucky Palestinians from this period because he comes from a well-connected family that was able to obtain Kuwaiti citizenship. Yet, he looks back at his childhood in the 1950s as being burdened with the sad past of personal and national loss (257). Because of the loosely defined setting, a geographic region that encompasses a wide variety of cultures and a time span characterized by profound changes in every aspect of society, it is difficult to identify a unifying theme of the volume beyond the basic account of childhood reminiscences. Moreover, the narrators freedom to choose which memories and experiences from their childhoods to describe contributes to the kaleidoscopic nature of the narratives. For some, childhood experiences extended all the way to their college years; while for others, the period of childhood was much shorter. The editor gave free rein to the contributors to select from their personal histories. The fact that there were no guidelines to direct the experiences on which to reflect is both strength and a weakness of the book. Furthermore, they are adults, looking back with the eyes of grown-ups at their childhoods and the children they think they used to be. The mosaic of images is, nonetheless, tied together by universal concerns that transcend both the time and space to which the book is dedicated: the Middle East in the twentieth century. As readers everywhere we can relate to those feelings associated with a whole range of experiences described by the narrators, such as authoritarian parents, school, social pressures, moving to another town or country, dealing with gender differences; fears of losing or, in some cases, the loss of a parent or the hardships of living in poverty. Some common themes in the volume are education and discipline, paternal dominance, womens importance in the family, the role of the extended family in the upbringing of children and arranged marriages. For many Middle Eastern readers, the identity dilemma of the post-colonial era resulting from the prevailing multicultural educational systemsan issue raised by several of the contributorsis still very relevant today. The book succeeds in presenting us with intimate and in some cases candid reflections on family and social life over a turbulent century in a tumultuous region. In the end, the major contribution of this volume is to make us aware that no matter where we are, we are all moved by similar aspirations. It celebrates the universality of human nature and the shared core values of human cultures. Along with the universality of childhood experiences, the narrators reflections on their past introduce us to very particular stories, particular to the individuals telling them as well as particular to the time and place to which they belonged. Research Papers on Remembering Childhood in the Middle EastCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

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